The Russian Empire: From Tsarist Autocracy to Revolution

Abstract

This article examines the decline of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, focusing on the transition from Tsarist autocracy to revolution. The study traces the reigns of Tsars Alexander II and Nicholas II, exploring their attempts at reform and the resistance they faced from both the aristocracy and the growing revolutionary movement. The paper delves into the economic, social, and political changes in Russian society during this period, including the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, industrialization, and the rise of political ideologies such as Marxism. It analyzes the impact of the Russo-Japanese War, World War I, and the 1917 Revolution on the collapse of the Romanov dynasty. By examining primary sources, including imperial decrees, revolutionary manifestos, and memoirs, the article provides insight into the deepening crises of the Russian Empire and the social unrest that eventually led to the overthrow of the tsarist regime. The paper concludes by assessing the revolution’s long-term consequences for Russian history and the establishment of Soviet power.