Comparative Analysis of Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Urban Transport

Abstract

Urban transportation systems are under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and enhance energy efficiency. In this context, electric vehicles (EVs) are frequently promoted as a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). This study presents a comparative analysis of EVs and ICEVs within urban transport environments, focusing on environmental performance, energy efficiency, operational costs, infrastructure requirements, and public health implications. evaluates direct and indirect emissions, including tailpipe pollutants, lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution. While ICEVs generate significant carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter during operation, EVs eliminate tailpipe emissions and contribute to improved urban air quality. However, the overall environmental advantage of EVs depends on electricity generation sources and battery production impacts. In cities powered by cleaner energy grids, EVs demonstrate substantially lower lifecycle emissions compared to conventional vehicles.